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	Renaissance Art and Literature \| Reformation \| Elizabethan Age \| Enlightenment \|
	Renaissance Reformation Enlightenment Italy and the Growth of Humanism City States http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/c-states.html At the start of the 14th century, Italy was a patchwork of independent towns and small principalities whose borders were drawn and redrawn by battles, diplomatic negotiations and marriage alliances. Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy http://www.idbsu.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/burckhardt.html A classic text written in 1878 is now on line by chapter titles. Two are listed, but there are other valuable chapters. The State as a Work of Art (A chapter in the Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy) http://www.idbsu.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/1-7.html Venice and Florence Revival of Antiquity (A chapter in the Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy) http://www.idbsu.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/3-3.html People began to look at the "old" information from the Greeks and Romans and the ideas helped them to develop a new outlook on life. Humanism http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/c-humanism/Humanism.html Seeking the wisdom of the ancients. Humanism http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REN/HUMANISM.HTM This article goes back to the Greeks and Aristotle. Other sections include Petrarch, Cicero, Augustine, the idea of skepticism and more. Humanism and Secularism http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/humanism.html A lecture on Renaissance Humanism. TOP Renaissance Art and Literature and Science Renaissance http://pages.unibas.ch/shine/linksrenaissancewf.htm Links to all aspects of the Renaissance Renaissance Art Links http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/links/renaissance_links.html Renaissance Art http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/renaissance/ The "rebirth" of European culture which took place during the 15th and 16th centuries. Art History - The Renaissance http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHrenaissanceitaly.html Italy is representated. Art History of the Renaissance http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHrenaissanceeurope.html Northern Europe and Spain are represented. Renaissance Art from Boston College http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/HP/renaiss.html 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485-1603) http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/ From the Norton Anthology of English Literature online. Essays and Articles on 16th Century English Literature http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/essays.htm English Renaissance Drama http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/rendrama.htm Sonnet Sources http://vos.ucsb.edu/browse.asp?id=2405 Renaissance Writers http://historymedren.about.com/library/who/blwwwritedex.htm Click on the writer and get a short biography and other information. Art of Renaissance Science http://www.mcm.edu/academic/galileo/ars/arshtml/arstoc.html This is a table of contents to articles and illustrations about science at this time. Scheme of the Universe http://www.stjohns-chs.org/english/Renaissance/Ren-univ.html Paper on Renaissance science. Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe http://www.columbia.edu/~gas1/project/visions/case1/sci.1.html Language and science Leonardo da Vinci http://www.mos.org/leonardo/ Information from the Museum of Science about da Vinci the man, the scientist, and inventor. Renaissance Thought and Science http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/3t.htm Including information about some scientists. Math Forum http://mathforum.org/library/topics/history/ Biographies of mathematicians including Galileo and the Project from Rice University. Copernicus http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/copernicus.html Links and information about the man and his theories. Galileo Galilei http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galileo.html Links and information about the man and his theories. Scientific Revolution http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/ Dig, dig, and dig for a wealth of information. History of Medicine http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/history_of_medicine.htm Information going back to ancient times. Also check for related pages on each page. WWW-VL: History: Science & Technology http://vlib.iue.it/history/topical/science.html A mixture of current and historical articles. Go to Philosophy and Religion page for more information about the Philosophers. TOP Reformation John Calvin http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/CALVIN.HTM Calvin created the patterns and thought that would dominate Western culture throughout the modern period. Church in Britain http://www.britannia.com/church/index.html From the Dark Ages to the Reformation Martin Luther http://www.educ.msu.edu/homepages/laurence/reformation/Luther/Luther.htm Brief information and links. Martin Luther 1517 http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/LUTHER.HTM Manuscripts, Books and Maps: The Printing Press and a changing World http://communication.ucsd.edu/bjones/Books/luther.html The Reformation was the first revolutionary mass movement, in part because took advantage of printed propaganda Protestant Reformation http://history.hanover.edu/early/prot.html An Internet Archive of Texts and Documents, a whole collection of links. Protestant Reformation http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUDreformation.htm From the famous English schoolnet. Theological Perspectives of the Reformation http://cat.xula.edu/tpr/ How does reformation happen, what was the Catholic Church's response, who was involved , how did the women feel. TOP Elizabethan Age Visit The Shakespeare Page for information about the most famous writer of the time. Elizabethan Era http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/ Included are the life and times of the period, the Spanish Armada and the Age of Exploration. Elizabethan Era http://www.schools.ash.org.au/immanuel/elizabethan.htm Includes crime and punishment, music, daily life, childhood and education, war and battles, royalty and more. Bubonic Plague and the Black Death http://www.william-shakespeare.info/william-shakespeare-bubonic-plague-black-death.htm There are links to lots of Shakespeare, but this page is all about the plague. Queen Elizabeth http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/eliza.htm Life, work, images and additional sources. Queen Elizabeth, Gloriana http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/e1r/gloriana.html All kinds of information about Elizabeth and check the "Index" on the left for timelines, biographies, and other information. Historic Figures http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/elizabeth_i_queen.shtml Elizabeth and lots of English History. TOP The Enlightenment Artistic Styles http://www.baroquemusic.org/barcomp.html Baroque Music travels around the world. http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHbaroque.html Baroque art Artcylopedia http://www.artcyclopedia.com/history/neoclassicism.html Neoclassical art Bellevue Chamber Chorus http://www.bellevuechamberchorus.net/Research/20thCentury/Definitions/Neo-classical.htm Neoclassical music Encyclopedia of Diderot http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/dalembert.html Controversial work because of Voltaire's and Rousseau's articles which reflected their impious attitudes of the rationalist movement - The Enlightenment. Britain, France, and the Enlightenment http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h29-fr.htm Western Europeans believe in order and progress. Internet Modern History Sourcebook http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook10.html This site covers the entire spectrum of the period with original sources. Women in the Enlightenment http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/WOMEN.HTM Surprisingly, much of the talk concerning individual liberties, social welfare, economic liberty, and education did not greatly affect the unequal treatment of women. Mary Wollstonecraft http://www.bartleby.com/144/ A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Daniel Defoe http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1719defoe-women.html On the Education of Women 1719 Leonardo da Vinci http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/vinci.html Not just an artist, but here he is included in a list of paleontologists and evolutionary biologists. One of the great scientists of the times ranging from architecture and civil engineering to astronomy, anatomy and zoology and more. Machiavelli http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince00.htm Machiavelli examines the state of people and determines how kings must rule, in THE PRINCE. Petrarch http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/petrarch1.html One of the earliest and most influential humanists The Enlightenment http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~brians/hum_303/enlightenment.html A long article covering the background in antiquity, the humanists, 17th Century, various people, politics and economics and more. There are a couple of links at the end of the article. Enlightened Despots http://staff.gps.edu/mines/Age%20of%20Absol%20-%20Enlightend%20Despots.htm Joseph II of Austria, Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great with short articles. Enlightened Despots from the Modern History Sourcebook http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook11.html Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Poland are covered. TOP


	Last updated: 03.26.2007 Woodbridge High Library \| Irvine, California 92614